Hydrated (adjective/verb): Having absorbed or chemically combined with water molecules.
From Greek hydro-, meaning "water," with the suffix -ated, indicating a state or condition.
Crystal Structure: Water molecules occupy specific positions within the crystal lattice.
Color Changes: Hydration often causes dramatic color changes (e.g., white to blue copper sulfate).
Reversibility: Many hydrated salts can be dehydrated by heating and rehydrated by adding water.
Cellular Function: Water enables enzymatic reactions, nutrient transport, and waste removal.
Temperature Regulation: Sweating and respiration depend on adequate hydration for cooling.
Clinical Treatment: IV fluids restore hydration in patients unable to drink adequate amounts.
Hydration Process: Chemical reaction between cement and water forms calcium silicate hydrate gel.
Strength Development: Continues for months as more cement particles react with available water.
Quality Control: Proper water-to-cement ratio crucial for achieving desired strength and durability.
Protein Folding: Water molecules help stabilize secondary and tertiary protein structures.
Enzyme Activity: Active sites require specific hydration for substrate binding and catalysis.
Preservation: Dehydration can denature proteins, while proper hydration maintains biological activity.
Color Mechanism: Water molecules coordinate with copper ions, creating the characteristic blue color.
Dehydration: Heating removes water, turning the compound white and demonstrating reversible hydration.
Applications: Used as fungicide, algaecide, and in electroplating processes.
Performance Impact: Even 2% dehydration can significantly reduce athletic performance and endurance.
Electrolyte Balance: Sports drinks replace both water and essential minerals lost through sweating.
Recovery: Proper rehydration after exercise is crucial for muscle recovery and glycogen replenishment.
Production: Made by adding water to quicklime (CaO), releasing significant heat in the process.
Construction Uses: Mortar, plaster, and as a soil stabilizer in road construction.
Water Treatment: Raises pH, precipitates heavy metals, and acts as a disinfectant in municipal water systems.